Golden Gate bridge

      The golden gate bridge is a suspension bridge Spanning the golden gate strait, the mile-wide, three-mile-long channel between San Francisco bay and the pacific ocean. It opened in 1937 and had, until 1964, the longest suspension bridge main span in the world, at 4,200 feet (1,300 m 0.

Golden Gate bridge

• Crosses=
• Golden Gate.
• Locale=
• San Francisco, California and Marin country, California, US.
• Designer=
• Joseph Strauss, Irving morrow, and Charles ells
• Design =
• Suspension, truss arch & truss causeways.
• Material=
• steel

History.

The causality land ferry company service, launched in 1867, eventually became the Golden Gate ferry company, a sou-them pacific railroad subsidiary, the largest ferry operation in the world by the late 1920. Once for railroad passengers and customers only, sou-them specifics automobile ferries become very profitable and important to the regional economy.

      Preliminary discussions leading to the eventual building of the Golden Gate Bridge were held on January 13, 1923, at a special convention in Santa Rosa, CA. the Santa Rosa chamber was charged with considering the necessary steps required to foster the construction of a bridge across the Golden Gate by then Santa Rosa chamber president frank Doyle (the street Doyle leading up to the bridge is named after him).

       One June 12, the Santa Rosa chamber voted to endorse the action of the “Bridging the Golden Gate Association” by attending the meeting of the Boards of supervisors in San Francisco on June 23 and by requesting that the board of Supervisors of Manson country also attend. By 125, the Santa Rosa chamber had assumed responsibility for circulating bridge petition as the next step fox the formation of the golden gate bridge.

• Total length=
• 8,981 ft (2,737.4 m), about  1.7 mi (2.7 km)
• Width=
• 90 ft (27.4 m)
• Height=
• 746 ft (227.4 m)
• Construction end=
• April  19, 1933.
• Opened=
• May 27, 1937, 77 years ago.
• Designated=
• June 18, 1987.

construction

Construction.

Construction began on January 5, 1933. The project cost more than $35 million, completing ahead of schedule and under budget.

      The project was finished and opened my 27, 1937. It was completed $1.3 million under budget. The bridge round house diner was then included in the southeast-em end of the golden gate bridge, adjacent to the tourist plaza which was renovated in 2010.

      Bridge round house, an art decor designs by flared finial completed in 1938, traffic is separated by small, plastic pylons, and from 1971 through 2007, there were 16 fatalities form head-on collisions. To improve safety, the speed limit on the golden gate bridge was reduced from 55 to 45 mph (89 to 72 km/h) on October 1, 1983.

      In march 2008 the golden gate bridge district board approved a resolution to start congestion pricing at the golden gate bridge charging higher tolls during peak hours, but rising and falling depending on traffic levels.

      This decision allowed the bay area to meet the federal requirement to receive $158 million in federal transportation funds us dot urban partnership grant. An interview with Kevin hi ens who, as a 19 years old in 2000, survived a suicide plunge from the span and is now a vocal advocate for some type of bridge barrier or net to prevent such incidents.

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The CN Tower

The National Canada Tower.

The CN Tower Wallpaper.

       The CN tower opened to the public on June 26, 1976, although the official opening date was October 1, 1976, The construction costs of approximately C D N $ 63 million ($243 million in 2013 dollars) were repaid in fifteen years. Canadian National Railway sold that tower prior to taking the company private in 1995, when they decided to divest themselves of all operation not directly related to their core freight shipping businesses.

• Alternative=
•  
• Canada National tower.
•  
• Names=
•  
• Canada’s  National tower
•  
• Statue=
•  
• Complete.
•  
• Location=
•  
• Toronto, Ontario, Canada 43 38’33.36’’N
•  
• Floor count=
•  
• 147
•  
• Lifts/elevators=
•  
• 9

History.

       The idea of the CN tower originated in 1968 when the Canadian National Railway had a desire to build a large TV and radio communication platform to serve the Toronto area, as well as demonstrate the strength of Canadian industry and CN in particular. These plans evolved over the next few years, and the project became official in 1972. The tower would have been part of metro Center (see city place), a large development south of front street on the Railway Lands., large railway switching yard that was being made redundant by never yards outside the city.

       This was a fairly impressive engineering feat on its own, consisting of a large metal platform that raised itself on jacks at about 6 ((19.7 ft) per day as the concrete below set. Concrete was poured continuously by a tram of 1,532 people until February 22, 1974, during which it had already become the tallest structure in Canada, surpassing  the recently built In co Super stack, which was built using similar method. In total, the tower contains 40, 500 m (52,972 cu yd) of concrete, all of which was mixed on-site in order to ensure batch consistency.

Record Height.

•  
• Tallest in the world from 1976 to 2007.
•  
• Preceded by=
•  
• Ostan Kino Tower
•  
• Surpassed by=
•  
• Burj Khalifa
•  
• General information of CN Tower.
•  
• Type=
•  
• Mixed Use: observation, telecommunication, attraction, restaurant
•  
• Coordinates
•  
• 79 23’33.36’’W coordinates: 43 38’33.36’’N  79 23’13.56’’W
•  
• Construction started=
•  
• 1973
•  
• Completed=
•  
• 1976.

       The original plan for the tower envisioned a tripod consisting of three independent cylindrical ‘’pillars’’ linked at various heights by structural bridges. construction on the CN Tower began on February 6, 1973, with massive excavations at the tower base for the foundation.

As Toronto grew rapidly during the late 1960s and early 1970s, multiple skyscrapers were constructed in the downtown core, most notably First Canada Place.

       In August 1974, construction of the main level commenced. Using 45 hydraulic jacks attached to cables strung from a temporary steel crown anchored to the top of the tower, twelve giant steel and wooden bracket forms were slowly raised, ultimately taking about a week to crawl up to their final position.

       The tower was topped off on April 2, 1975, after 26 months of construction, officially capturing the height record from Moscow’s OSTAN Kino Tower, and bringing the total mass to 118,000 t (130,073 short tons; 116,136 long tons).

       Ned Baldwin, project architect with john Andrews, wrote at the time that ‘’All of the logistic with dictated the design of the lower accommodation has been upset, ‘’and that‘’ under such ludicrous circumstances Canada National would hardly have chosen this location to build. As the area around the tower was developed, particularly with the completion of the Metro Toronto Convention Center in 1984 and the Sky Dome in 1989 (renamed Rogers Center in 2005), the former railway land were redeveloped and the tower become the center of a newly developing entertainment area.

Opening.

       When the CN Tower opened in 1976, there were there three public observation points: the Sky Pod (then known as the space deck) that stands at 447 m (1,467 ft), the Indoor observation level (now named Indoor Lookout level) at 346 m (1,135 ft), and the Indoor observation terrace (at the same level as the glass floor) at 342 m (1,122 ft). one floor above the indoor observation level was the top of Toronto Restaurant, which completed a revolution once every 90 minutes, The first was a scene from the movie Highpoint, in which Robinson received $250, 000 for the stunt. The glass floor, at an elevation of 342 m (1,122 ft), opened to the public on June 26, 1994.

• Opening=
•  
• October 1, 1976
•  
• Cost=
•  
• C D N $ 63,000,000
•  
• Owner=
•  
• Canada lands company
•  
• Antenna spire=
•  
• 553.33 (1,815.4 ft)
•  
• Roof=
•  
• 457.2 m (1,500.0 ft)
•  
• Top floor=
•  
• 446.5 m (1,464.9 ft)

• On September 12, 2007, Burj Khalifa, then under construction, surpassed the CN Tower as the world’s tallest free-standing structure.

• In 2008, glass panels were installed in one of the CN tower elevators, which established a world record (346 m) for highest glass floor paneled elevator in the world.

• The CN tower is the tallest freestanding structure in the western Hemisphere.

       The CN tower can be seen from at least as far away as Kennedy street in Aurora, Ontario, approximately 40 km (25 mi) to the north, 60 km (37 mi) east of Toronto, in Oshawa, and from several points on the south shore of Lake Ontario, 48 km (30 mi) to the south in New York state in the united state. In 1995, the modern seven Wonders of the World by the American society of Civil Engineers. Its also belongs to the World federation of great tower, were it hold second-place ranking.

       As of 2013, there are only two other Freestanding Structures in the Western Hemisphere which exceed 500 m (1,640.4 ft) in height; the Willis Tower in Chicago, which stand at 527 m (1,729.0) when measured to its pinnacle; and the recently topped-out One World Trade Center in New York City, which has a pinnacle height of 541.33 m (1,776.0 ft), or approximately 12 m (39.4 ft) shorter then the CN Tower.

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The Eiffel Tower

Wallpaper

    The design of the Eiffel tower was originated by Maurice KOECHLIN and EMILE NOUGUIER, two senior engineers who worked for the COMPAGNIE des AETABLIISSEMENTS Eiffel after discussion about a suitable center piece for the proposed 1889 Exposition Universal, a world fair which would celebrate the centennial of the French revolution. In May 1884, KOECHLIN, working at home, made an outline drawing of their scheme, described by him as a great pylon, consisting of four lattice girders standing apart at the base and coming together at the top, joined together by metal trusses at regular intervals.

    The tower stands 324 meters (1,063 ft) tall, about the same height as an 81 storey building. During its construction, the Eiffel tower surpassed the Washington Monument to assume the title of the tallest man-made structure in the world, a title it held for 41 years, until the Chrysler Building in New York City was built in 1930. Because of the addition of the antenna atop the Eiffel tower in 1957, it is now taller than. Erected in 1889 as the entrance arch to the 1889 World Fair, it has become both a global cultural icon of France and one of the most recognizable structures in the world. The tower is the tallest structures in Paris and the most visited paid monument in 2o11. The tower received its 25o millionth visitor in 2010.

• General information
• Type=
• Observation tower, radio broadcasting tower.
• Location=
• Paris, France
• Construction started=
• 1887
• Completed=
• 1889
• Opening=
• 31 March 1889
• Owner=
• City of Paris, France
• Management=
• Society D’ Exploitation de la tour Eiffel (SETE)

History

    The third level observatory upper platform is at 279.11 m (915.7 ft) the highest accessible to the public in the European Union. Tickets can be purchased to ascend, by stairs or lift (elevator), to the first and second levels. The walk from ground level to the first level is over 300 steps, as is the walk from the first to the second level. Although there are stairs to the third public and it is usually accessible only by lift.

    This enhanced version gained Eiffel’s support, and he bought the rights to the patent on the design witch KECHLIN, NOUGIER, and SAUVESTER had taken out and the design was exhibited at the Exhibition Of decorative arts in the autumn of 1884 under the company name. on 30 march 1885 Eiffel presented a paper on the project to society des engineers civil ;after discussing the technical problems and Emphasizing  the technical uses of the tower, he finished his talk by saying that the tower would Symbolize little happened until the beginning of 1886, when Jules gravy was re-elected as president and Edward lockbox was appointed as minister for Trade.

Height

Image

• Antenna spire=
• 324.00 m (1,063 ft)
• Roof=
• 300.65 m (986 ft)
• Top floor=
• 273.00bm (896 ft)
• Floor count=
• 3
• Lifts/elevators=
• 9

    All entries had to include a study for a 300 m (980 ft) four-sided metal tower on the champ de mars. On 12 may a commission was set up to examine Eiffel’s scheme and its rivals and on 12 June it presented its decision, which was that all the proposals except Eiffel’s were either impractical or insufficiently worked out. After some debate about the exact site for the tower, a contract was finally signed on 8 January 1887. This was signed by Eiffel acting in his own capacity rather as the representative of this company, and granted him 1.5 million francs toward the estimated 6.5 million francs. Eiffel was to receive all income from the commercial exploitation of the tower during the exhibition and for the following twenty years, some of the protestors were to change their mind when the tower was built: others remained unconvinced. Guy de Maupassant supposedly ate lunch in the one place in Paris where the tower was not visible. Today, the tower is widely considered to be a striking piece of structural art.

    Work on the foundation started in January 1887.

Design and construction of Eiffel tower.

• Architect=
• Stephen sequester
• Structural=
• Maurice KOCHLIN,
• Engineer=
• EMILE NOUGUIER
• Main=
• Company’s des
• Contractor=
• Establishment Eiffel

    Each shoe was anchored into the stonework by a pair of dolts 10 cm (4 in) in diameter and 7.5 m (25 ft) long. The foundation wee complete by 30 June and the erection of the ironwork began. The very visible work on-site was complemented by the enormous amount of exacting preparatory work that was entailed: the drawing office produced 1,700 general drawing and 3,629 detailed drawings of the 18,038 different parts needed. The task of drawing the components was complicated by the complex angles involved in the design and the degree of precision required: the position of rivet holes was specified o within 0.1 mm (0.04 in) and angles worked out to one second of arc.

•      The main structural work was completed at the end of March 1889 and on the 31^st Eiffel.
• 28 November 2002. The tower received its 200,000,000^th guest.
• 2004.  The Eiffel tower began hosting an ice skating rink on the first floor each winter.

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